====== Energy ======
This section as for goal to present different energy conversion and examples[(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy)].
===== Some forms of energy =====
In every use:
* Mechanical: the sum of macroscopic translational and rotational kinetic and potential energies
* Gravitational: potential energy due to or stored in gravitational fields
* Chemical: potential energy due to chemical bonds
* Elastic: potential energy due to the deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force
* Sound wave: kinetic and potential energy in a fluid due to a sound propagated wave (a particular form of mechanical wave)
* Radiant: potential energy stored in the fields of propagated by electromagnetic radiation, including light
* Thermal: kinetic energy of the microscopic motion of particles, a form of disordered equivalent of mechanical energy
Microscopic energy:
* Mechanical wave: kinetic and potential energy in an elastic material due to a propagated deformational wave
* Electric: potential energy due to or stored in electric fields
* Magnetic: potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields
* Ionization: potential energy that binds an electron to its atom or molecule
* Nuclear: potential energy that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus (and nuclear reactions)
* Chromodynamic: potential energy that binds quarks to form hadrons
* Rest: potential energy due to an object's rest mass
===== Energy unity conversion =====
* 1 J = 1 m.N = 1 W.s
* 1 W.h = 3.6 kJ
* 1 cal = 4.184 J
* 1 hp.s = 750 J (one horsepower for 1s)
----
===== Scale of energy in 'every day' use =====
* 10 fJ = energy deliverer to a the eardrum by listening one second to a whisper
* 1 dJ = energy of a leaf falling one meter on earth
* 1 J = kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity
* 1 J = energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius
* 4.184 J = energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
* 300 J = one person jumping as high as the can (70kg, 40cm on eath)
* 330 J = melting 1g or ice
* 360 J = Kinetic energy of 800 gram standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s by elite javelin throwers
* 1.4 kJ = average energy receive from the sun in 1m²/s
* 2.3 kJ = vaporizing 1g of water into steam
* 3.1 kJ = Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg thrown at 30.7 m/s in 1986)
* 4.2 kJ = energy release by 1g of TNT
* 9 kJ = 1 AA baterry
* 17 kJ = 1g of carbohydrates or protein
* 38 kJ = 1g of fat
* 50 kJ = 1g of matter at 10km/s
* 600 kJ = 1 automobile (2t) at 90 km/h
* 1.2 MJ = energy of a snack such as a snickers bar (280 kcal)
* 5.2 MJ = average heat lost by a human in a day
* 8.4 MJ = Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)
* 11 MJ = Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)
* 40 MJ = Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas
* 42 MJ = Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training
* 110 MJ ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours ridden at 5 W/kg by a 65 kg rider
* 1-10 GJ = Energy in an average lightning bolt
* 1.4 GJ = Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel
* 2 GJ = Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car
* 3.3 GJ = Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime
* 4.5 GJ = Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator
* 19 GJ = Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s)
* 88 GJ = Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235
* 240 GJ = Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime (2000 kcal for 80 years)
* 11 TJ = Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters of Jet A-1)
* 12 TJ = Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station
* 63 TJ = Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)
* 90 TJ = Theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter
* 600 TJ = Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second
* 100 PJ = Energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
* 170 PJ = Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second
* 210 PJ = Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)
* 420 PJ = Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008
* 800 PJ = Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883
* 5 EJ = Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)
* 64 EJ = Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008
* 500 EJ = Total world annual energy consumption in 2010
* 800 EJ = Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005
* 7.9 ZJ = Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010
* 39 ZJ = Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010
* 500 ZJ = Approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub[(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater)] Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula
* 5.5 YJ = Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year
* 380 YJ = Total energy output of the Sun each second
* 38k YJ = Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)
* 2.1M YJ = Rotational energy of the Earth
* 4.2 10e45 YJ = Estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe
----
===== Examples =====
==== Sound ====
The energy of the sound is given by the equation: E = time (s) * area (m²) * intensity (W/m²) or E = time (s) * area (m²) * 10e(-12+db/10).
For a person (1m²) absorbing the sound during one second:
* 20 db = whisper = 0.1 nJ
* 60 db = normal conversation = 1 µJ
* 98 db = Large Orchestra = 6.3 mJ
* 130 db = pain threshold = 10 J
=== Gravitational ===
The potential energy due to the gravitational field: E = mass (kg) * g (=10 m/s²) * deltaZ (m)
Examples for lifting one object of 1m:
* 1 dJ = a leaf
* 1 J = a small apple
* 800 J = one person
Levitation would need to generate a velocity of 9.8m/s each second. E = 1/2 m v² = 50J/kg. P = 50W/kg.
The energy necessary to levitate for one minute for a standard person of 75kg would be 225kJ.
=== Kinetic ===
Kinetic energy due to velocity: E = 1/2 * mass (kg) * velocity² (m/s)
* 0.5 J = 1kg at 1m/s
=== Food ===
Energy release by the metabolism:
* 17 kJ = 1g of carbohydrates or protein
* 38 kJ = 1g of fat
* 1.2 MJ = energy of a snack such as a snickers bar (280 kcal)
* 8.4 MJ = Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)
* 11 MJ = Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)
=== Combustion ===
Chemical energy:
* 40 MJ = Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas
* 730 MJ ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil
* 2 GJ = Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car
== Can I launch a Fireball ?==
Let hypothesis that we don't want a combustible but just a source of heat and light.
For a candlelight:
light : 1 candela in all direction = 13 lumens = 2cW/s = 2cJ/s
heat: 80 W = 80 J/s
----
==== What does a person can do ? ====
=== Just with the every day food ===
A person eat between 1500 kcal and 3000 kcal = 6-12 MJ, lets take 10 MJ
* boiling 4l of water from room temperature 20°C
* lift a canon ball (20kg) up to 50km or throwing it at 1km/s
* lift a car (2t) up to 500m or trowning it at 100m/s
=== Using their body reserve ===
1 kg muscle (protein) = 17 MJ, 1 kg fat = 38 MJ, 1 Kg water at 37°C = 4.2 kJ/°C
Skinny person
50kg = 15kg muscle + 3kg fat + 2kg bones + 30kg water
Reserve energy = 15kg muscle + 3kg fat = 255 MJ + 114 MJ = 369 MJ
Water heat energy = 126 KJ/°C
Athlete
80kg = 40kg muscle + 8kg fat + 2kg bone + 30kg water
Reserve energy = 40kg muscle + 8kg fat = 680 MJ + 304 MJ = 948 MJ
Water heat energy = 126 KJ/°C
Fat person
100kg = 28kg muscle + 30kg fat + 2kg bone + 40kg water
Reserve energy = 28kg muscle + 30kg fat = 476 MJ + 1.1 GJ = 1,6 GJ
Water heat energy = 168 KJ/°C
----
==== SI multiples ====
* 10e−1 J-dJ-decijoule
* 10e−2 J-cJ-centijoule
* 10e−3 J-mJ-millijoule
* 10e−6 J-µJ-microjoule
* 10e−9 J-nJ-nanojoule
* 10e−12 J-pJ-picojoule
* 10e−15 J-fJ-femtojoule
* 10e−18 J-aJ-attojoule
* 10e−21 J-zJ-zeptojoule
* 10e−24 J-yJ-yoctojoule
* 10e1 J-daJ-decajoule
* 10e2 J-hJ-hectojoule
* 10e3 J-kJ-kilojoule
* 10e6 J-MJ-megajoule
* 10e9 J-GJ-gigajoule
* 10e12 J-TJ-terajoule
* 10e15 J-PJ-petajoule
* 10e18 J-EJ-exajoule
* 10e21 J-ZJ-zettajoule
* 10e24 J-YJ-yottajoule